Pricing Strategy for Noreasters New Season in Springfield

To develop a pricing strategy for Nor’easter’s new season in Springfield, Larry Buckingham, the marketing director, relied on existing data from the League Sports Association and his own survey.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Pricing Strategy for Nor’easter’s New Season in Springfield specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Association’s 2005 research examined the entire league market, making the data unreliable for drawing conclusions about the city’s minor league clientele. In light of this, Larry decided to conduct a survey to generate data for a better analysis of the market. In designing the survey, he consulted other minor league managers to learn their revenue generation models. Such information would help him formulate relevant questions for the survey. A preliminary test of the survey was conducted to evaluate how well the respondents understood the questions. Larry acquired the contacts of the residents from city’s national census and four firms. He mailed 10,000 survey questionnaires to a sample of the residents of which 625 responded. Since the survey focused on the minor league, Larry believed that its findings were representative of the market and thus, reliable. The research survey yielded multiple key findings. First, 21% of the fans attending Nor’easter’s match would opt for a one-game payment model while 11% will prefer a five-game package. Secondly, 31% of the fans would pay $10 compared to 27% and 22% who would pay $12 and $14, respectively, for single tickets. From these findings, Larry learnt that a large majority (highest percentage) of fans could pay more than $10 to watch one game, which implied that he could set a price higher than $10 for single tickets. For the 5-game tickets, respondents indicated that they could purchase them at a maximum price of $12. Additionally, grandstand seats were preferre d over bleacher ones, with a significant proportion (48%) willing to give an extra 10% to use them. The survey also revealed that 66% of the residents lived with young children.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In designing an effective pricing policy for the team, Larry must consider a number of factors. First, Nor’easter should sell a minimum of 300 full-season tickets to avoid exiting the Springfield market as the Falcons did. As the survey results indicated, most fans do not like purchasing full-season tickets. Another consideration relates to the median income of the locals, which stands at $31,000. This lower income makes them thrift spenders. However, the city is growing as more firms and financial institutions come in. Moreover, Nor’easter should consider ads and concessions as potential revenue sources. Larry should also consider the owner’s requirement that the team breaks even within a year. In view of these considerations, an ideal ticket-pricing plan should favor grandstand over bleacher seats because 48% of those interviewed reported that they could pay an extra 10% for them. In addition, as most residents could purchase 5-game tickets at a price range of $10 and $12, Larry should price them at $12 for the favorite seats and $10 for the less preferred ones. Considering the consumer interest in grandstand seats, this dual approach will enable Nor’easter to make a profit by targeting both client groups. Similarly, the organization should price full-season tickets and 20-game tickets at $6 and $10, respectively, as more people can pay $8-$10 for the former and $4-$8 for the latter. For the single tickets, a price of $12 and $14 for the bleacher and grandstand areas would be reasonable. Given the pricing plan stated above, the likelihood of the team breaking even within a year from the ticket revenues alone is slim. If it can sell above 75% of the tickets of each match, it may break even within that period. However, if ticket sales in each match are less than 75%, Nor’easter will need concession revenue to reach the break-even point.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Pricing Strategy for Nor’easter’s New Season in Springfield specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One approach Nor’easter can use to break even within a short duration is promoting the games to families. This segment spends more and visits sporting events regularly. Larry can also form partnerships with local enterprises to sell discounted group tickets to their staff. This case study on Pricing Strategy for Nor’easter’s New Season in Springfield was written and submitted by user GorillaMan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Moral Majority - Evangelical Conservative Movement

Moral Majority - Evangelical Conservative Movement The Moral Majority was powerful movement in American politics made up of evangelical Christian conservatives who felt their families and values were under attack amid the legalization of abortion, womens liberation and what they perceived to be the moral decline of society during the turbulent 1960s. The Moral Majority was founded in 1979 by the Rev. Jerry Falwell, who would become a polarizing figure himself in the decades that followed.   Falwell described the Moral Majoritys mission as being the agent to train, mobilize and electrify the Religious Right.  In a speech at his own Baptist Church in  Lynchburg, Virginia, in 1980, Falwell described the Moral Majoritys enemy: We’re fighting a holy war. What’s happened to America is that the wicked are bearing rule. We have to lead the nation back to the moral stance that made America great. We need to wield influence on those who govern us. The Moral Majority does not exist as an institution anymore, but the movement of evangelical conservatives remains strong in American politics. The Moral Majority dissolved as an institution in 1989 when Falwell proclaimed our mission is accomplished. Falwell had resigned as the groups president two years earlier, in 1987. Falwell said in announcing the disbanding of the Moral Majority in 1989: I feel that I have performed the task to which I was called in 1979. The religious right is solidly in place and, like the galvanizing of the black church as a political force a generation ago, the religious conservatives in America are now in for the duration. Indeed, several other groups remain influential in carrying on the mission of evangelical conservatives. They include Focus on the Family, run by  psychologist James Dobson; the Family Research Council, run by Tony Perkins; the Christian Coalition of American, run by Pat Roberson; and the  Faith and Freedom Coalition, run by Ralph Reed. Public opinion has shifted on many of the issues that drove the formation of these groups following the 1960s. Policy Goals of the Moral Majority The Moral Majority sought to gain influence in national politics so that it could work to: Prohibit abortion and overturn Roe v. Wade.Require prayer in public schools.Oppose and ban gay marriage.Defeat the  Equal Rights Amendment, which guaranteed women the same rights as men.A return to traditional gender roles in American households. Falwells Family Manifesto declared the role of the male is most effectively that of provider and the role of the female one of nurturer. Bio of Moral Majority Founder Jerry Falwell Falwell was a Southern Baptist minister who rose to prominence as the founder of Lynchburg Baptist College in Lynchburg, Virginia. The institution later changed its name to Liberty University. He was also the host of the  Old Time Gospel Hour,  a television show that was broadcast across the United States. He founded the Moral Majority in 1979 to combat what he saw as the erosion of culture. He resigned in 1987 amid the groups sagging finances and poor election results in the 1986 midterm elections.  Falwell said at the time he was returning to his  first love, the pulpit. Back to preaching, back to winning souls, back to meeting spiritual needs, he said.   Falwell died in May 2007 at the age of 73. History of the Moral Majority The Moral Majority had its roots in the New Right movement of the 1960s. The New Right, eager to boost its ranks and hungry for a major election victory following Republican Barry Goldwaters loss in 1964, sought to bring evangelicals into its ranks and encouraged Falwell to launch the Moral Majority, according to Dan Gilgoff, the author of the 2007 book  The Jesus Machine: How James Dobson, Focus on the Family, and Evangelical America are Winning the Culture War.   Wrote Gilgoff: Through Moral Majority, Falwell focused his activism on evangelical pastors, telling them that issues like abortion rights and gay rights required them to cast off their decades-long political inhibitions and to stop viewing politics as a dirty business unfit for church people. In the early 1980s, Falwell barnstormed the country, speaking to countless congregations and pastors breakfasts and logging 250,000 miles a year on a chartered plane. Falwells activism seemed to pay off early. While white evangelicals had backed Jimmy Carter - a Southern Baptist whod taught Sunday school in Georgia - in 1976, they broke 2 to 1 for Ronald Reagan in 1980, providing a major plank of support and establishing themselves as a lasting base of Republican support. The Moral Majority claimed some four million Americans were members, but critics argue the number was substantially smaller, only in the hundreds of thousands. The Decline of the Moral Majority Some conservative firebrands including Goldwater openly mocked the Moral Majority and portrayed it as a dangerous fundamentalist group that threatened to erase the line separating church and state by using the muscle of religion towards political ends. Said Goldwater in 1981: The uncompromising position of these groups is a divisive element that could tear apart the very spirit of our representative system if they gain sufficient strength. Goldwater added that  he was  sick and tired of the political preachers across this country telling me as a citizen that if I want to be a moral person, I must believe in A, B, C and D. Just who do they think they are? The influence of the Moral Majority peaked with the election of Republican Ronald Reagan  as  president in 1980, but the re-election of the conservative icon in 1984 also sped the decline of Falwells group. Many financial backers of the Moral Majority saw little need to keep contributing when the White House was safely in their control.   Ronald Reagans reelection in 1984 led many supporters to conclude that further contributions were no longer as badly needed, wrote  Glenn H. Utter and James L. True in  Conservative Christians and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook. The decline of the Moral Majority was also precipitated by nagging questions about prominent evangelists including Jim Bakker, who hosted The PTL Club until a sex scandal forced him to quit, and Jimmy Swaggart also brought down by scandal. Eventually, Falwells critics began to ridicule the Moral Majority, it was neither moral nor a majority.   The Controversial Jerry Falwell In the 1980s and 1990s, Falwell was widely ridiculed for making a series of bizarre statements that made him and the Moral Majority appear to be out of touch with mainstream Americans. He warned, for example, that a purple character on the childrens show  Teletubbies,  Tinky Winky, was gay and  encouraging tens of thousands of children to be gay as well. He said Christians were deeply concerned about little boys running around with purses and acting effeminate and leaving the idea that the masculine male, the feminine female is out, and gay is O.K. After the attacks of September 11, 2001, Falwell suggested gays, feminists and those who support abortions rights help create the environment for such terrorism. Falwell said: Throwing God out successfully with the help of the federal court system, throwing God out of the public square, out of the schools ... the abortionists have got to bear some burden for this because God will not be mocked. And when we destroy 40 million little innocent babies, we make God mad. The pagans and the abortionists and the feminists and the gays and the lesbians who are actively trying to make that an alternative lifestyle, the ACLU, People for the American Way - all of them who have tried to secularize America. I point the finger in their face and say you helped this happen. Falwell also claimed: AIDS is the wrath of a just God against homosexuals. To oppose it would be like an Israelite jumping in the Red Sea to save one of Pharaohs charioteers ... AIDS is not just Gods punishment for homosexuals; it is Gods punishment for the society that tolerates homosexuals. Falwells influence in politics waned dramatically in the final two decades of his life because of such statements, which he made a time when public opinion was shifting in favor of gay marriage and womens reproductive rights.

Software Development (JAVA) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Software Development (JAVA) - Coursework Example The working methods illustrate the functionalities / pusposes of the different classes. The underived class checkStock has not been dervied or linked to any child classes and therfore it has been shown seperately with its data members and method members. Class Hierarchy_Diagram The class hierarchy diagram shows the 5 classes in a hierarchical way with the super class / parent class / base class on top i.e., the class calculateCost. The child classes are shown at the bottom and they have been labelled as implementing classes with definitions of the member methods of the parent class. The super class has been labelled as an abstract class because of the absence of method definitions i.e., abstract methods. Instance_Diagram The instance diagram shows the object instances of the class calculateCost and its sub classes: box, triangular and cylindrical. It shows the super classes protected data members being accessed by the sub classes. The instance diagram depicts the flow of the object o riented program and traces the entire execution path or process flow of the application. It shows the values and the calculations as it occures in a real time execution scenario. Use Case Diagram The Use Case diagram illustrated the actors i.e., the Operator who initialises the stock of grade 1, grade 2, grade 3 of boards present in the company’s reserves for designing of tubes and boxes. The processes of a customer logging in and making an order choice for a box or a tube, the grade and the other additional specifications like reinforcble bottom, sealable top, color printing etc. Calculation of Cost: The cost is calculated based on the grade of the material. The additional costs of sealable tops, reinforcble bottoms, color printing are added to the total cost as percentages The main calculation is involved in the part where the surface area is calculated using the method calculateSurfaceArea. It accepts the inputs for total units ordered (example n), the dimensions and the t ype ( board grade) from the user. For the Box it calculates the surface by employing the folowing mathematical calculation: Surface area = n X length X height For the Triangular tube the following calculation is performed Surface area = n X {(0.5 X side1 X side2) + {squareroot {(side1)2 + (side2)2}* height} +side1 X height + side2 X height For the cylindrical tube the surface area is calculated using the following mathematical formula: Surface area = n X 3.14*radius2 + (2 X 3.14 X radius * height ) Here n is the number of ordered units or the quantity Height is the height of the triangular or cylindrical tube Side 1 and side 2 are the two sides of the triangle base tube Radius is the radius of the cylindrical tube Length, breadth and height are the three sides of the box Calculation of available material (Quantity Exceeded) The total ordered surface areas of grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3 are compared with the initially entered quantity of board material by the order. Accordingly the output is displayed and message shown whether the ordered quantity has exceeded the stock

Marketing Case Problem Solving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Case Problem Solving - Essay Example The dips are marketed along with the Frito Lay’s Brand name which is household to other various salty snack foods and is nationally recognised. There are a variety of dip flavours and these account for various percentage sales depending on their popularity. Vegetable dips are popular and are located everywhere in the supermarkets. On the other hand, popularity of cheese dips for instance was in response to growth of Mexican food phenomenon spreading across the country. A close analysis of the case study reveals that the current strategy used for marketing dips is a joint effort where they are promoted under the umbrella of Frito Lay’s brand name which is known across the spectrum and is very popular with the consumers. The dips are not marketed as single entities since these often play an accompaniment role to other meals. The majority of Frito Lay’s dips were sold in supermarkets though a smaller percentage was sold through small grocery stores, service stations as well as other different private institutions. Their current sales and distribution strategy is time consuming where the sales person/distributor will perform all the tasks from unloading to packing the shelve as well as approving in store merchandising. The marketing strategy was product oriented which was also innovative. The merchandising location next to salty snacks is another marketing strategy that is employed by Frito Lay’s Dips. For most part, dips are jointly promoted together with Frito Lay snacks as these are complimentary products. In most cases, dips are not consumed alone but they often go along with another meal or as desert after a meal. Aggressive marketing of these as single entities can be costly and can result in the loss of customers since they may end up being confused as a result of the numerous varieties of dips on offer. Whilst it cannot be ascertained which is more popular between chip and vegetable

Default Unnecessary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Default Unnecessary - Essay Example This is because, it is considerably overrated. The authors argue that, market overreaction usually occurs with unpleasant implications for county’s borrowing expenses and liability dynamics. Several market commentators generally argue that, default is predictable. They support this by focusing on the extent of the modification and persistent advertising concerns reflected in the government’s distribution of treasury bonds. The authors also provide several arguments and their rebuttals. For instance, they argue that, it is difficult to evade default since it results from the diverse need of economic adjustments. They assert that, such adjustments, requires proper maintenance of the debt to GDP proportion. Consequently, the maintenance would improve cyclic adjusted primary balance deficits. Conversely, fiscal adjustment on the requisite scale normally is exceptional. In the previous times, records depict an existence of 14 episodes in advanced economies, as well as 26 episodes in the growing economies. This results from actions of individual countries adjusting their structural principal balance beyond 7 percent of the GDP (Corttarelli 6). The authors have argued that, the alternative approach for restructuring, which is suggested by the market commentators, would not settle the imbalance between expenses and reimbursements. They then recommend for a non- confrontational restructuring, which would carry inferior reputational expenses for the borrower. Secondly, they argue that, it is hard to evade default due to the towering interest rates that make the debt unmanageable. This is because; the government debt takes time to mature. In general the household exchange debt carries a long term share in the sophisticated economies (Corttarelli 8). In the current sophisticated economies, actual interests’ rate is lesser than other economies which have experienced default in the past. In comparison, countries which experienced default in the past, the

Issues faced by the multinational companies

Issues faced by the multinational companies Multinational company (MNC) is actually a multinational corporation that functions with a headquarters in the origin of that country, while having other facilities and assets that are based in location of other countries. Multinational corporation that operates in different countries provides technology, marketing skill and finance capital for a more profitable market in return. Many host countries have impose regulation which gives them a portion of share in profit, market and also jobs which is generated by multinational corporation in that particular country. Multinational company can be categories into 3 elements which is horizontally integrated multinational corporations, vertically integrated multinational corporations and diversified multinational corporations Horizontally integrated multinational corporations Corporations that manage productionestablishments in different countries that produces similar products ( example, McDonalds) Vertically integrated multinational corporations Manage production establishment in certain countries to produce products as input to its production establishment in other countries ( example, Adidas) Diversified multinational corporations Production Establishment is neither horizontally or vertically integrated ( example Microsoft) Globalisation: Globalisation can be seen in much different way, one way of seeing it as increase in the share of economic activity that is taking place across national boundaries. Globalisation that takes place has given a great impact on a number of interrelated developments such as: Growth in foreign direct investments and multinational corporation, Enhance the development of communication and transport technology, privatization of public sectors services Internationalization of financial markets. The impact of globalization can be both positive and negative, the positive side can be seen the potential of generating wealth and improving the living standards of a country. Countries that have the skill and resources are able to take advantage of the opportunities provided by global market. However, it seems to be flaws for countries that do not fall into this category. Globalisation can be said to have increase the gap between of poor and rich people, this can be seen through policies that are drives globalization process in the matter of business and not for the people. Globalisation is not entirely positive or negative, below are the point of view of people regarding the debate of globalization. Positive view Globalization is about worldwide economic activity about open markets, competition and the free flow of goods, services, capital and knowledge. Consumers are its principal beneficiary. Its benefits in terms of faster growth, quicker access to new technology, cheaper imports and greater competition are available for all. Globalization has made the world economy more efficient and has created hundreds of millions of jobs, mainly, but not only, in developing countries. It generates an upward spiral of jobs and prosperity for countries that embrace the process, although the advantages will not reach everybody at the same time. ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) brief on globalization, Nov 2000 Negative view What are doing, in the name of globalisation, to the poor is brutaland unforgivable. This is especially evident in India as we witnessthe unfolding disasters of globalisation, especially in food and agriculture.Dr Vandana Shiva, environmentalist Introduction: Unilever as an MNC Unilever was form in year 1930 through merger by Lever Brother in British and Marganie Unie of the Dutch and now Unilever is based in London.Unilever is one of the fast moving consumer goods (FMNG) in the world. They offer a wide range of products in food, beverages, personal care products and many more. The success story of Unilever can be seen in the annual turnover in the year 2009 which is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬39.8billion worldwide and employs 163,000 employees around the world. Unilever established as a MNC because they have a headquarter in London, United Kingdom while other businesses operating in other countries. Here we will study how globalization and Unilever gives impact to the society as a whole. Macro-environment for Unilever in host country (PEST analysis) : Political Unilever being a MNC company in the world does not support any political parties whose activities is to promote the party interest, this is because they believe that the business they operate in must be behave with honesty , integrity and openness. However, the political trends still affects Unilever for example in UK where the headquarter is situated. In early February 2010, Unilever has been burden by the increase of taxation by the UK government. Initially, the company is already facing economic instability because consumer is unwillingly to spend more money. Paul Polman, the chief executive said that the daily mail, If on top of that we would get an additional regulatory or tax environment that would make us non-competitive that would be unfortunate for the UK. Mr. Polman is worried with the increase of taxation; Unilever has to pay even more into for expenditure cost for research laboratories, manufacturing facilities and more. The graph above shows us the expenditure cost of Unilever from year 2000 to 2009. From year 2000 until 2004, Unilever has been less on expenditure such as manufacturing facilities, and research and development sector. As of year 2004 onwards the cost has been increasing yearly until 1,700 (million) and with the recent increase of taxation in UK, Unilever will have to spend more on expenditure cost in the year to come. This would improve the competitiveness of Unilever with other competitors as the firm is facing massive problems to deal with higher taxation, which will result in lower profit gained. This would be a motivational factor for the firm to encounter the problem by setting effective strategies to sustain such taxation rate at the same time remain competitive from price aspect. For instance, Unilever has implemented several technologies pallet live storage system from Bitto Storage System Ltd to store frozen products. Economic environment In the economic environment, Unilever generates wealth by adding value to raw materials, and manufacturing their product for the consumers. The parties that are involve in the economic environment is their employees, government, investors, and many more communities that benefits from the activities of the company. This graph shows the parties that benefit from the activities that are ventured by Unilever in UK. Despite the economic instability that happens in decades, Unilever is still able to generate an operating profit of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬5,020 and sales of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 39,823 million in 2009. This graph shows us that the employees gain the biggest share of the company which is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬5.2billion, whereas the least share is earn by the local communities which is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬89million. The provider of capital obtains the 2nd highest share which is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2.5billion and the governments gain à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬959million from the company in the form of corporation tax that is issued by the government. Sociological Environment Making a difference in society is one of Unilevers biggest aim because they want to deliver the best and to give back to the society that has been supporting the success of Unilever. Unilever will be focusing on 4 elements which is giving more choice to consumers, focusing more on research and development on healthier products, to provide nutrition information to the understanding of consumers and also improving nutrition quality of their products. In order to improve the nutritional quality of the product and maintaining the taste , It is estimated that reduction of salt intake by 1g can reduce the chances of strokes by 5% and heart attack by 3 % reducing salt by as little 1 g. The Nutrition Enhancement Programme has come up with a strategy known as salt reduction strategy , in this strategy it states that in 2009 we set product benchmarks to achieve a dietary intake of 6 g of salt per day by the end of 2010, with the ambition to reduce further to5 g per day by the end of 2015. This graph clearly shows that Unilever has taken the responsibility in giving consumer to make healthier choices. Unilever has come up with healthier products and also providing the health information on the products so that consumer will understand the content of nutrient in the product. For example, Knorr is one of Unilevers famous food solution brands in UK, all crouton varieties are now containing less 70% less saturated fats and up to 40% less sodium. Unilever has also extended their impact by working together with World Food Programme (WFP) where they support developing countries and improving the health and nutrition of product. In order to reach out to the people , Unilever in UK has donated à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬500,00 through global partnership and with (WFP). They also encourage people to donate through website to the Haitis earthquake disaster relieve cost. Unilever also had donated soap and Puriet ( water purifier that does not need pressured water and or electricity. Technology Environment In the technology sector, Unilever has been spending in the area of e-business to improve brands communication and market through internet, and also making transaction simple along chain. Unilever Technology has work together with Unilever R D group in order to meet consumers needs. In the year 2003, Unilever introduce the new pallet live storage system from Bitto Storage System Ltd. The purpose of this technology is to store frozen products. Plans are being made to improve IT infrastructure in Unilever. For example, increment in the energy-efficiency of data centers and applying power management strategies. Tele presence video conferencing is also applied in order to reduce the impact of business travelling. Telepresence has been generated in 13 countries and plan to add another 39 countries in 2010. This technology have helped us to reduce our emission by 4,230 tonnes and save up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬12 million in travel cost for the year 2010 . PEST of Unilever in different countries Political Unilever in Nigeria are now facing with difficult time this is because of the governments policy such as indigenization, nationalization and also to deplore state infrastructure The effect of this has made given Unilever with no choice but to consider pulling out of Nigeria and relocate themselves to Ghana. Unilever chose to leave is because there is no commitment made to the deplorable state of basic infrastructure in the country that causes a big loss to the business. Moving on, Unilever is also losing business because the inadequate power supply which has cost billion of naira and multiple taxation from regime in Nigeria has reduce the profit made drastically. The government of Nigeria should intervene this issue of basic infrastructure and develop the necessity needed before Unilever pulls out and cause bigger lose to the country such as increase in the rate of unemployment and living standard of the people can be advance. Economic The market environment is highly competitive in the Western Europe and this has disrupted the market of Unilever, one of Unilevers main competitors in the Western Europe would be Procter Gamble (PG). EU free trade policy has also affected the profit potential of Unilever. Products are also force to reduce in price by retailers, and due to current economic tide many consumer are unwilling to purchase expensive products. In developing countries (Asia and Africa), where political instability, Unilever has come up with strategies in order to maintain the momentum of profitability. Example, some products are in small packages for low income earner for affordability, and this has help to increase the profit and at the same time increase the hygiene level of the people. Due to inflation and fluctuation of currency Unilever in some country such as Nigeria to be precise has suffered a decrease in profit in 2005 compared to 2004. Graph below will show the turnover of Unilever in Nigeria. This graph will show us the turnover in 2004 and 2005 is N3.34 billion (naira) and N2.56billion (naira) respectively. The profit after tax is N2.17billion (naira) and N1.61billion (naira) respectively in the year 2004 and 2005. From here we can conclude there is a decrease in profit in Unilever of Nigeria. Low per capital income of the people has also affected the market of Unilever because over 30% of African population lives on less than $1 per day. This would highly affect Unilevers competitiveness in the industry as it is important for an international firm to encounter every fluctuation in business, either currency or increment in taxation. It shows that Unilever has implemented a brilliant strategy to encounter the price factor for products, which is changing the packaging to affordable price by reducing the size, consumers crave for Unilevers product can still be fulfilled. As shown above, turnover for Unilever has increased tremendously even after 2005 which show Unilever is capable and competitive to maintain its business level. Socio-cultural Unilever has done their part to maintain the socio-cultural environment with its sustainability development. The company has been working very hard to bring improvement hygiene and better nutrition to the people in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Over 30% of Africa population lives on less than $1 per day. The awareness for people regarding hygiene and nutrition is very important and this has given the opportunity to strengthen their goodwill. However, marketing vehicles such as advertisement in print media has been overcome with challenges such as low workforce. Therefore, employment of more resources is very important for instance face-to-face communication to increase the awareness of the people. Unilever has also employed 100 nationalities to ensure diversity between employees and consumers. The major strategy that is use by Unilever is a diversity toolkit which is use to manage and leverage diversity that increases high demand of their products in the developing and emerging market. Unilever has also extended their impact by working together with World Food Programme (WFP) where they support developing countries and improving the health and nutrition of product. In order to reach out to the people, Unilever in UK has donated à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬500, 00 through global partnership and with (WFP). They also encourage people to donate through website to the Haitis earthquake disaster relieve cost. Unilever also had donated soap and Puriet (water purifier that does not need pressured water and or electricity. This would align with sustainable environmental outcome that is increasingly important globally because the firm has implemented several remedies in enhancing its sustainable development from human rights, community services and environmental aspects, such as donations and activities to increase cleanliness awareness among the African nation. Technology Since in 2000, Unilever has been spending on IT to enhance the development of its business, mainly giving priority to the e-business sector as to improve brands communication and market through the blooming of internet as making transaction simple along chain. Unilever Technology has work together with Unilever R D group in order to meet consumers needs. In the year 2003, Unilever introduce the new pallet live storage system from Bitto Storage System Ltd. The purpose of this technology is to store frozen products. Plans are being made to improve IT infrastructure in Unilever. For example, increment in the energy-efficiency of data centres and applying power management strategies. Tele presence video conferencing is also applied in order to reduce the impact of business travelling. Telepresence has been generated in 13 countries and plan to add another 39 countries in 2010. This technology has helped us to reduce our emission by 4,230 tonnes and save up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬12 million in travel cost for the year 2010. Sustainable development from environmental aspect can be seen as an important element for Unilever in improving its technology to reduce pollution towards the environment. The technologies implemented are highly effective in reducing pollution caused by the business and this is affected by the increment in awareness of environmental issues globally in recent decades for positive environmental outcomes. Impact of globalization: The people around the world have always given the opportunity to exchange goods, services, culture, and knowledge with each other. However, recent technology and reduce of barriers has increase the exchange rate in recent years. This has given markets challenges, big markets means earning more money and interrelated to greater wealth generation for investing in development and reducing poverty, whereas weak domestic policies and trade barriers has stop a country from being flexible and fail to take the opportunity to maximise the benefits and minimise economic downfall. Below is table that shows the impacts generated by the globalisation process. Positive impact Enhancing competitionin recent decade is always a factor for firms to set effective strategies to remain competitive and also gaining additional profit in the future. Through competition, can help promote efficiency and productivity for the business, with different challenges that an international firm has to encounter to maintain its business activities and profit because business strategy is crucial in order to excel as it would improve business systems and practices. Improved environmental awareness and accountability has contributed to positive environmental outcomesby encouraging the use of more efficient, less-polluting technologies and facilitating economiesimports of renewable substitutes for use in place of scarce domestic natural resources. Negative impact The income earned by individuals will decrease due to the economy fluctuation and also low profit for a firm. This could be seen during economy fluctuation where employees salary is cut and increment in unemployment. Therefore, the economy will not be improved. Sustainable developmentis increasingly important because it is not only about how well a business runs, instead, how well the people is being treated. Human rights are also included in this section where fairness in treatment and other necessities of an employee or customer must be fulfilled. Potential impact of globalisation: Technology Unilevers technology is very important to maintain the momentum to generate profit. New technology in the business which has branches globally will impact the productivity and encourage effectiveness as it will improve the living standard of the people. Existing technologies has consume large amount of energy and chemical in producing products and as a result produce large amount of wastage of water. Unilever has co-operated with Voltea Limited in order to save the usage of water. Volteas breakthrough Capacitive Deionzation (CapDI) is the first desalination system that is able to recovery high water usage and also operates without producing any chemical that might pollute the water. In addition, this system has substantially reduced energy in production of products. The technology will soon be implemented by other businesses globally under the influence of Unilever, which was earlier to alter Unilevers host countries technology. CEO of Voltea Michiel Lensink has said, Working with in dustry leaders, our technology has proven itself to be a breakthrough in low-energy, low-cost water desalination. As we continue our growth, we are keen to seek out industry leading partners who can further strengthen our position. Clean water is essential in sustaining agriculture such as tea production in Lipton tea on of Unilevers top leading beverage brand. Sustainable development Unilever has made approach in making tomorrow a better day. With their tag line creating a better future everyday shows that they have venture into enhancing the development of society. For the hygiene concern, Unilever are able to change the hygiene behaviour of 1 billion people in the future with emphasising on hygiene education programmes on developing countries such as Pakistan, African and also Sri Lanka. Reduction in the rate of carbon dioxide, water usage, and chemical waste will continue in the manufacturing operation because up to 2009, Unilever has manage to save up to 15% of water usage and reduce 25% of carbon dioxide emission to the environment. This would effectively influence lifestyle of undeveloped countries and areas globally as these countries deserve to have better living standards under global effort by Multinational Corporation. Changes in Lifestyle Change in lifestyle is a crucial factor in globalisation because the benefit that consumers extract from tea would affect the health of younger generation and consumption pattern of tea. Health is more important as time goes, tea is better than coffee from benefit because study has shown that tea containing anti-oxidant that can reduce the rate of getting a heart attack and cancer. Lipton tea can also change the lifestyle of older adults enjoying the fact that a modest price for a cup of tea and snack , they can meet up with friends and family members instead of going to a bar and paying for an alcoholic drink that does not even bring much health benefits compare to what tea has to offer. People in recent decade has identify the importance of healthy living which therefore act as an indirect force to encourage tea consumption worldwide, as compared to coffee that would carries negative impact on health. Tea consumption http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4343e/y4343e05.htm Tea exports http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4343e/y4343e05.htm Graphs above demonstrated the tea consumption that is increasing tremendously. World tea consumption and exports are both playing a relatively profitable business. Strategy for globalisation: Unilever has applied several remedies and improvement in business activity in order to sustain globalisation that will give enormous impact to its business. Personal care for future sales growth and profitability Unilever has identified the key to achieve sustainable profitable growth through its personal care business segment as it generate the fastest-growing business compared to other sector such as food and beverages. Personal care business refers to the products that are self managed, such as hair shampoo and skin care products. This is because the demand for these products in the market has been increasing, as well as the existing sales from this segment is satisfying. However, Unilevers greatest rival Procter Gamble (PG) for many years have been more innovative and creative in introducing new products. In the previous year in the personal care sale increase only by 1.4% to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬11.30billion while overall turnover rose by 1.4% to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬40.2 billion. In order for creating future sales growth, Unilever will focus more personal care segment for future sale growth and sustaining profit from increasing raw material cost. Graph below shows the revenue increment in Unilever s products line, including personal care segments. http://www.goldmood.com/cosmos/h/UL.html External Pressure and Organisational Restructuring High cost of raw material, adverse exchange rates and macroeconomic worries such as politic and regulation of countries might affect the performance of Unilever. In order to secure generation of profit and sustaining raw material cost Unilever has come up with few strategies. Unilever has to reduce 20,000 jobs across its production division and combine its Personal Care and food sector into one category to reduce cost that will be delivered to consumer. Unilever has come up with Path to Growth strategy that promises improvement in its performances. This strategy will help the organisation to restructure its two global divisions, Home Personal Care and Food into one division. This would effectively lower production costs that will be implied into price of the products and influence consumers consumption from price aspect. Price is a crucial matter to consumers due to economy fluctuation that will affect lower spending power. Restructuring Unilever Unilevers CEO Patrick Cescau has announce that Unilever will be changing their management structure in order to focus on developing markets and promoting executives with experience in that environment. This is due to the reason of constant change in global business activity which makes Unilevers management structure less effective to cope with latter business strategy. Centralising management has combined its central and Eastern Europe division will allow emerging economies to share similar consumer traits and potential for growth, as well as combining the cost that the firm has to sustain for distance management. Besides, combination of Home Personal Care and food sector is the companys effort to increase its profitability in profit by reducing production cost from workforce aspect. This is because the cost that will be delivered to consumer will be lower and make products affordable for consumers to purchase. glohttp://business-strategy-case.blogspot.com/2008/04/unilever-business-strategy-2008.html http://www.unilever.com/sustainability/strategy/

Reconstruction after the civil war

After much trial and tribulation that our exasperated country has faced, we all still gather here today in order to follow a long tradition of George Washington, a founding father and cherished president who gave and set precedent to all the new leaders who soon will follow the same path of presidency. A path followed by great accomplishments of the Grant administration, has helped to set a rolling future for the united States and now we will Improve upon the Grant administration using It as a stepping stone to once again unite the country.Now that the sure wind of war thin our country has prevailed we must continue to rebuild upon the accomplishments of the Grant Administration. We must rebuild within our trust with other human beings and rebuild within the large battered roads of this nation. Though much has been done in the last presidency, there is still ton more to accomplish. Likewise the efforts of before have helped me gain a foot on the task to better our united nation. Look ing back the last few years, already have we recovered from the tribulation of Civil War.We have started the healing process between the different races that were pitted against each other but now stand as brothers. The recent Call Rights Acts and the passing of the 1 5th Amendment have helped to guarantee and ensure the equal Civil Rights that all men will share and all able to be comprised under the glorious Constitution. Yet throughout the years we have also placed ourselves in the continued process of reconstruction in which we have rid the terrors of extremists groups but also have accomplished the first steps of reunion with the Southern states.Likewise, these efforts to heal the previous tension have been done to almost a full recovery. Many former rebels have been pardoned and owe the first steps to a unified country have put under way by the removal of many federal soldiers. The vanquishing of the post war tensions has been successful but now we must continue and move forwa rd. The reality is that all races much make the effort to live harmoniously with sympathy and empathy through the eyes of each individual.And through the government will the Constitutional rights of all men be upheld as shall the eradication of prejudice of others In order to keep this nation prosperous. In order to end the final lasting tensions of this era, we will make sure to eve the well waited autonomy of the last few southern states. We will make sure to relieve them of the pressure that federal troops have brought in the states of Louisiana and South Carolina. Through this progress we must also put in an investment to Americas' future in education.With support of the government it will be a priority to make sure education is available to everyone, for with this we can move forward and develop a bright future through the youth at the moment. Universal education and improvements in the intellectual and moral conductivity is the root to all prosperity. The interest to better so ciety Is In equality of both colored and white people, for the perseverance of everyone Is needed to make these new Improvements In equality and education. Again we have been In depression within our manufacturing and commercial Industries.For sure this will come to an end. In need we must comply that a papered currency Is unreliable and accustomed to fluctuate. Likewise the best way to back this is with a coin based currency where that I will keep as my honored predecessor, President Grant, who made sure to preserve the peace between us and foreign powers. If those countries that require aid need it, without disposition we will help in a peaceful and honorable way so we can create mutual understandings to the entire world[K] .Grieving once again to bring forward this nation I ask all of you: Farmers, lawyers, doctors, politicians, judges, and citizens to Join me in this movement to restore our country to the divine rights that we all share. To help in earnest efforts to rekindle th e unity we all share in order for every man no matter color to achieve the pursuit of happiness and without fail grasp the happiness that we all will share together.

Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and 7 General Codes of Conduct Essay

Since the adherence to international social standards has become a mandatory requirement in the international business arena, the local suppliers have to be compliant to these standards in order to remain in business. There have been some significant revisions to the Bangladesh Labor Law in 2006. This newly revised law already covers a lot of the common standards like employment conditions, occupational health and safety issues as well as the ILO core labor standards. Besides being complaint to the national labor law, the suppliers must also adhere to the international standards. These international standards may be defined through their individual buyers’ codes of conduct or general codes of the conduct. Compliance to the buyers’ codes of conduct is mandatory but compliance to the general codes of conduct is optional unless the buyer accepts a specific general code as a substitute for its own audits or requirements. These voluntary monitoring or verification initiatives have taken root since the 1990s to add legitimacy and credibility to companies’ social and environmental compliance programs. The comparative analysis shows that the Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 significantly covers majority of the requirements of the different general codes of conduct. This indicates that if a factory is 100% compliant to the national law, it will cover approximately 85% of the requirements of the other general codes of conduct. Hence RMG factories should be encouraged to improve their compliance with the national law as a first step towards meeting the compliance demands of the brands and retailers who they supply to. The analysis does reveal that a few requirements are not fully or partially covered by the national labor law. It should be noted that the components which are not fully covered by the Bangladesh Labor Law are either covered by the Bangladesh Constitution or are not directly applicable in the Bangladesh context. This study clearly reveals that the revised Bangladesh Labor Law along with other supporting national legislations such as the Bangladesh Building Code and the Environmental Conservation Rules as well as the overall constitutional framework of Bangladesh, provides a comprehensive guideline for factories in the RMG sector to comply with majority of all international social compliance and environmental standards. By being 100% compliant with the national labor law, a supplier has significantly met majority of the international requirements. The Bangladesh Labor Law has gone through some majority revisions in 2006 which has made it into a strong piece of legislation. However, it is not still 100% perfect. There are still few gaps and lackings which need to be adjusted and amended in the future. As implementation of the revised law is ongoing, numerous other deficiencies might gradually be identified over time. Since recent revisions just took place, another series of revisions are not anticipated in the near future. This comparative analysis of the newly revised Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and seven general codes of conduct clearly illustrates where the commonalities and differences are. Overall, the recent revisions to the Bangladesh Labor Law and other national legislations that are associated with the RMG sector such as the Bangladesh Building Code and the Environmental Conservation Rules jointly provide comprehensive guidelines for RMG suppliers to manufacture and export products under socially and environmentally responsible working conditions which also meet majority of all prevailing international standards. 2. 1 General Codes of Conduct Definition of Codes The interest in the social situation of workers in developing countries has increased constantly over the last years in particular under civil societies and consumers in the industrialized countries. Social criteria have become an important part of consumer and investment decisions of individuals and organizations and therefore also big brands and retailers become more aware of compliance to social standards. Since Bangladesh is part of 1 A comparative analysis between the Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and seven general codes of conduct he global market social compliance is extremely relevant for the export-oriented industry of Bangladesh, especially for the RMG sector. For competitiveness in the global markets, the compliance with environmental and social standards is a key point. Through modern information and communication technologies the economic activity of companies becomes increasingly transparent and makes it easier for the civil society to uncover and communicate social and ecological failure of multinational companies. Companies know about the vulnerability of their brand names and messages concerning bad working conditions can easily damage their image as well as the market position. A social responsible management policy is therefore in the long-term interest of the enterprise. However companies can have a positive influence on the economic development in the target countries through the introduction of social standards and on the same time improve their image and market share through social and ecologically responsible behavior. To address these issues voluntary monitoring or verification initiatives have taken root since the 1990s to add legitimacy and credibility to companies’ labor compliance programs. They are all voluntary, meaning that companies opt to participate in them. Each requires member companies to adopt its respective workplace code of conduct and verifies that they have complied with organizational requirements. Today, some industries have developed or are developing codes for the entire industry. That can be best seen for the apparel and footwear sector. General Codes of Conduct as well as buyers’ codes are very common in this industry. These codes of conduct are rules, which companies impose upon themselves in order to embody social and ecological goals in the enterprise. Companies formulate these rules mostly for itself and partly also for the suppliers and orient themselves with the formulation at the international regulations and agreements already mentioned. Codes of conducts may also be recognized as useful instruments to build on the companies’ image. A lot of companies are participating in this initiatives to show their interests in improving the working conditions of their business partners/suppliers across the global. Fair trade and buying practices are a competitive advantage for many businesses. The codes show their commitment to this process. Codes of conduct may be developed through a multistakeholder approach such as ETI etc. or companies may have their own codes of conduct which are specific for their suppliers or codes could be sector specific such as for garments, food, electronics etc. 2. 2 Basis of codes Social compliance can be measured in relation to a certain standard. Concerning environmental and quality management a multiplicity of standards and certification systems already exist. The introduction of examinable social standards represents however a new challenge. Internationally recognized social standards exist, e. g. ? United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN Convention on Children’s Rights UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women ? ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work ? Rio Declaration on Environment and Development However these are guidelines and recommendations which can be converted voluntarily. Standards that can be certified only exist to a small extent. Most of the codes refer to these mentioned international standards, especially the ILO core labor standards. The ILO formulates international standards in the form of conventions and recommendations setting minimum standards of basic labor rights: Freedom of association The right to organize 2 A comparative analysis between the Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and seven general codes of conduct Collective bargaining Abolition of forced labor Equality of opportunity and treatment Besides the above mentioned standards, there are other standards regulating conditions across the entire spectrum of the work related issues. These principles are concretized in eight ILO conventions, in each case two for the four fundamental principles mentioned (see table 1). The ILO conventions are obligatory only if they are ratified by the member states. The entire number of the ratifications increased in the last years noticeably and varies – depending upon convention – in the order of magnitude between 148 and 172. Until July 2007, 128 countries had ratified all eight conventions. Bangladesh has ratified seven out of the eight core conventions. Table 1: ILO Core-Conventions and ratifications in Bangladesh1 Standard Freedom of association and bargaining Elimination of forced and compulsory labor Elimination of discrimination Abolition of child labor Convention Convention 87 (Freedom of association) Convention 98 (Right to organize; collective bargaining) Convention 29 (Forced labor) Convention 105 (Abolition of forced labor) Convention 100 (equal remuneration) Convention 111 (employment and occupation) Convention 138 (Minimum age) Convention 182 (worst forms of child labor) Ratification Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Codes of practice develop frequently from public pressure or are preventively developed. In addition to the mentioned core labor standards these codes include general working conditions like occupational health and safety, minimum wages, leave days and working hours. Other common aspects include women’s rights or environmental standards. Also the implementation of a management system can be a requirement. 2. 3 How codes evolved The overall aim of social standards is to protect the workers. During the industrialization in Europe they evolved as a reaction to bad working conditions in the newly emerging factories. The depletion of large parts of the workforce moved child labor, forced labor, freedom of association and collective bargaining as well as women’s rights in the centre of public attention. Socially responsible behavior – this means also ecologically responsible behavior – has its starting point predominantly in the developed industrialized countries. The observance of social standards must be further supervised also in these countries. The by far larger action needs lie however in developing and emerging countries. Through the increasing world-wide division of labor large parts of the production chain are located in developing countries which have deficits with the observance of social standards. While working abroad companies are supposed to be compliant to the legal regulations. In developing and emerging countries legal regulations do not always correspond to the domestic standards of the companies. So it can be difficult for companies to combine national legislation and generally recognized basic values. Even if the legislation in developing and emerging countries corresponds to the standards of the industrialized countries there are deficits in monitoring and implementation of the standards. 1 Refer to the ILO website: http://www. ilo. org/ilolex/english/docs/declworld. htm. 3 A comparative analysis between the Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and seven general codes of conduct However an internationally defined and recognized social standard does not exist. Thus different stakeholder came up with the idea of codes of conduct to verify the compliance to international social standards. Social standards are extremely important in an industrialized world. Nowadays due to financial benefits, most companies outsource their production to developing countries where compliance to social standards is not as important. The problem is that consumers and respective governments ask for socially responsible behavior and working conditions and often the suppliers and governments of the developing countries cannot enforce or ensure compliance to these international standards. This issue has become a concern for the companies located in Europe and the USA and hence the companies came up with formulating codes of conduct which their suppliers have to adhere to if they want to do business with them. Companies started off by developing their own codes of conduct. Then gradually as the codes evolved, many companies teamed up with NGOs, trade unions, academia etc. to formulate common codes of conduct. Most general codes of conduct were developed with this multistakeholder approach. 2. 4 †¢ Classification of codes epending upon the standards they contain (all codes have similar requirements but differ in the definitions/design and some have also additional requirements e. g. waste management or anti-bribery policy); depending upon which organization or institution introduced the code and who controls the observance (companies, enterprise federations, trade unions, NGOs, management consultations or testing institutes); depending upon their members and their prevalence. Within these four categories subjects were identified as well as indicators to measure the implementation and coverage of the subjects. The indicators were selected according to the most common aspects of the general codes as well as the Bangladesh Labor Law. 2 Please refer to Annex I for a broad overview on the general codes of conduct. 4 A comparative analysis between the Bangladesh Labor Law 2006 and seven general codes of conduct Subjects of Codes of Conduct ILO Core Labor Standards Employment Conditions Occupational Health and safety

Critically assess the representation of race Essay Example

Critically assess the representation of race Essay Example Critically assess the representation of race Essay Critically assess the representation of race Essay Critically assess the representation of race in British media The OED defines a race’ as a major division of world, holding distinguishable physical features ; a group of people sharing the same civilization, history, linguistic communication, etc.’ ( 2002 ) . It is non clear that the construct of race’ can be aligned with that of ethnicity’ , which latter is taken as a strictly physical appellation. One’s ethnicity does non imply any cultural features: one can be an ethnically Arab Buddhist, Jew or atheist. As I understand the construct race’ it implies somewhat more than the baldly physical ; by and large the construct is considered besides to connote cultural features. This is a elusive differentiation and non an absolute one, for of class one might depict our atheist as either ethnically Arab, or from the Arab race. Still, in ordinary linguistic communication the construct race’ has somewhat thicker intensions than the construct of ethnicity’ . Just so, race’ is correspondent to gender’ in holding both a physical facet and a societal facet. And, like gender, the naturalness of racial differentiations has historically sanctioned different attitudes to persons from different races. Due merely to the coloring material of tegument they were born with, many 19Thursdaycentury Americans truly believed that they were superior to black people. The fact that race has an obvious [ 1 ] physical foundation explains the hardiness of beliefs that people from different races were besides different in other ways. This easy led to beliefs in high quality over other races, peculiarly races that were intellectually and technically less good developed. Hall ( 1990, p.9 ) puts this point therefore: since ( like gender ) race appears to be given by Nature, racism is one of the most profoundly naturalised of bing ideologies’ . This naturalization is natural, but it does non go on by thaumaturgy. Rather it is the consequence of the standardization of attitudes and be liefs actively held in society. It issues from the consequences of our efforts to understand ourselves and each other. The our’ in that last sentence is of import: this is an activity carried out by society, through the assorted channels that exist in society to administer information and thoughts. Therefore the media has a strongly cardinal function. Hall continues ( 1990, p.11 ) , the media construct for us a definition of what race is, what intending the imagination of race carries, and what the problem of race is understood to be’ . That is to state, they help to sort out the universe in footings of the classs of race . Of class all media mercantile establishments are cognizant of this duty. All take great attention to avoid being labeled racist’ . Even utmost rightist parties call themselves nationalist, non racist. As Miles and Brown note, the British National Party is non the British Racial Party, the GallicFront Nationalis non heFront Racial, and its leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen, denounced his former deputy, Bruno Megret, who had formed a rival nationalist’ party, as racist ( 2003, p.4 ) . The mainstream and telecasting media mercantile establishments pay scrupulous attending to their end product, guaranting that it accords with strictly classless criterions. They frequently set up in-house watchdogs to maintain a close oculus on this facet of their end product. But media does non run in a vacuity. There is a dialectic relationship between public sentiment and media sentiment. Apparently racist attitudes are now taboo in most states ; few people would comfortably mention to a black individual as a nigger’ , or claim that an Indian gentleman is unclean’ . Care is taken by every group in society to avoid behavior that could do offense to other races. But racist attitudes persist. It seems to be a affair of psychological fact that single and group individualities require to be constructed in contradistinction to others. For this ground, a reasonably natural administration of human existences finds them separated into smallish groups, provinces. These provinces are frequently coterminous with states ( though there are fewer provinces than states ) and states are frequently coterminous with races ( though there are fewer states than races ) . So when provinces are at war with each other, frequently each side thinks of itself instead otherwise from how it thinks about its resistance. Since the persons on each side have defined themselves in resistance to those on the other, they frequently believe themselves to bebetterthan their oppositions, which is to state that they look down on their oppositions. The ability to show felicity at resistance loss of life illustrates this exhaustively sinful attitude to the value of life on each side. National media frequently e xacerbate this perceptual experience of inequality. Phillip Knightly notes that during the Vietnam War, racism became a loyal virtuousness. All Vietnamese became dinks , slopes , slants , or gooks , and the merely good one was a dead 1. So the Americans killed them when it was clear that they were Vietcong, and they killed them when it was clear they were non Vietcong’ ( 1982, p.354 ) . Journalist James Cameron makes a similar point when discoursing his clip coverage on the struggle: I had been to Hanoi, and returned obsessed with the impression that I had no professional justification left if I did non at least attempt to do the point that North Viet Nam, despite all Washington statements to the contrary, was inhabited by human beings†¦and that to destruct their state and their lives with high explosives and crude oil jelly was no manner to bring around them of their defects†¦ This decision, when expressed in printed or telecasting news media, was by and large held to be, if non downright arch, so surely non-objectiv e, within the footings of mention of a newspaper adult male, on the evidences that it was proclaimed as a point of view†¦ To this of class there could be no reply whatsoever, except that objectiveness in some fortunes is both meaningless and impossible’ ( 1997, p.172 ) . This attack is by no agencies an American phenomenon ; precisely the same state of affairs arose in Britain in the early 1980s during the Falklands struggle. The Argies’ were cast as the enemy. TheTimessthundered that the invasion was an demonstrably evil act’ and declared that we’ were all Falklanders now’ ( Allan, 2004, p.160 ) . Newspapers across the political spectrum depicted the Argentine people in savage terms’ ( Ibid. p.160 ) . TheSunfamously published the headline GOTCHA! ’ , denoting the narrative of theGeneral Belgrano, an Argentine patrol car that was sunk with the loss of 1,200 lives. Resistance figures in countless other struggles have been ridicule d and demonized: mad dog’ Muhamar Gadaffi of Libya, evil, drug-running dictator’ General Manual Noriega of Panama, and the new Hitler’ , Saddam Hussein ( Ibid. p.160 ) . This expressed maneuver is combined with a less obvious lingual maneuver, the intent of which is to pull a crisp contrast between the civilized us’ and the barbaric them’ . By this crisp contrast the media exactly categorise the universe in footings of race’ . In making so, nevertheless, they are non exceeding the racism of public sentiment, but indulging it. Media does non be in a vacuity, and the content of the media can non moderately be expected to change significantly from the content of public sentiment. This is for two grounds. First, evaluations. An aloof, detached, moralistic media will be ignored and so will neglect in its function as sender of information and voice of public sentiment. It seems instead vulgar to state that theSunmight hold engaged in racialist mottos to sell transcripts, but it about surely has done. The media’s duty to cultivate benign societal norms merely extends so far. Furthermore, other forces militate against a more moralistic media function. Entman has argued that dumbing-down and sensationalism in the media is taking to a signifier of intelligence coverage that encourages ill will against certain racial groups. Local intelligence, in peculiar, paints a image of inkinesss as violent and endangering toward Whites, self-interested and demanding toward the organic structure politic – continually doing jobs for the observant, tax-paying majority’ ( 1997, p.29 ) . Entman argues that the media are making clime of fright between the dominan t in-group’ ( Whites ) and the out-group’ ( other races ) in society. African Americans, Air Combat Command to Les Payne ofNewsdaymagazine, are disproportionately included in negative coverage – as cocottes, drug traders, public assistance receivers, second-story work forces, unwed mothers’ ( cited in Dates and Pease 1997, p.79 ) . Second, journalists are people excessively. When non at their twenty-four hours occupation, their thoughts and feelings contribute every bit much as anyone else’s to public sentiment, and they are merely as susceptible to the thoughts of the twenty-four hours as others. Be it non so, the media would non be able to stand for the spectrum of public sentiment with efficiency and unity. Ideas go in both waies. This unfortunately means that the media can strengthen sinful societal norms every bit good as undermine them: Singh: what passes for intelligence has to be geared to demand, and unhappily the manner to gain prevarications in gratifying to baser human inherent aptitudes and biass. It is this that leads newspapers, for illustration, to transporting streamer headlines: Asian landlord evicts renter for eating beef’ while on an inside page there is a much smaller point describing an temblor in which more than 5,000 people have died’ ( Singh, 1998, p.74 ) . Hall sum s the point up good ( 1990, p.20 ) : what defines how the media map is the consequence of a set of complex, frequently contradictory, societal dealingss ; non the personal dispositions of its members’ . One obvious beginning of prejudice is the fact that the bulk of British journalists are white and male. In 1998 Ainley reported that newsmans from cultural minorities account for less than 1 % of British journalists. Even if all 99 % of these white journalists were fastidious in their efforts at racial nonpartisanship, it is rather impossible to believe that they could win, for their cognition and apprehension of the universe will needfully be some map of their cultural background. And in any instance, greater diverseness of staff will non needfully interpret in to more diverse signifiers of intelligence coverage. As de Uriarte argues, there is a prism of hegemony’ through which the impression of journalistic objectivity has long been white and remains so today’ ( 1997, p.144 ) . Again, the differentiation between the recognized us’ ( the Whites ) and those implicitly taken as other’ ( other races ) , goes on to inform societal norms. In order to analyze the effects of this racism in the British media more closely, it will assist to convey in Hall’s ( 1990 ) differentiation between overt’ racism and inferential’ racism. Overt’ racism refers to media coverage given to openly racist places and statements. The publications of the British Nationalist Party, for illustration, are overtly racist, for they preach a differentiation of importance between different races ( British and other’ ) . In a similar manner, newspapers such as theDaily Mailand theSunare frequently overtly racist. The former’s attitude towards immigrants is doubtless overtly racialist: their place is that non-British people desire to come to Britain to take occupations that belong to British people, to direct net incomes out of Britain, to overthrow the incorporate British civilization and, by and large, to increase offense, poorness and disease. We have already seen grounds of racism in theSun. But there is enough more. Allan ( 2004, p.146 ) analyses a shocking 1998 column which ridicules Islamic esthesias, mentioning to Muslims as pig headed’ bigots’ , impeaching them of daft’ racial and spiritual intolerance’ , and trying to impose their civilization in a Christian country’ ; the column exhorts the good British reader non to put up with this sort of nonsense’ . As these newspapers circulate and popularize openly racist thoughts, they legitimise them: racism becomes acceptable – and therefore, non long after, true – merely common sense: what everyone knows and is openly saying’ ( 1990, p.13 ) . The column squads from these administrations defend their attack on duplicate evidences that they are merely reflecting public sentiment, and have a right to freedom of address. I have already discussed the first ground, which I take to be true but unfortunate, and with respect to which one can merely press these administrations to take more duty and possibly a short-run loss of gross revenues. The 2nd ground is a good 1. But this pro tanto ground for printing racist stuff is outweighed by two farther grounds. First the publication of this material causes great offense and so harm to racial minorities ; this injury in itself may be a sufficient ground to curtail the freedom of address. Second, the publication of this stuff fortifies sinful societal norms, so undermining equality. Equality is a requirement of democracy on a par with freedom of address and its protection is a sufficient ground to curtail freedom of address. This consideration of societal norms leads to the 2nd facet of Hall’s differentiation. Inferential racism refers to those apparently naturalized representations of state of affairss where racialist premises or propositions are being inscribed in the media coverage as a set of undisputed premises. These representations enable racist statements to be formulated without of all time conveying into consciousness the racialist predicates on which the statements are grounded’ ( Hall, 1990, p.13 ) . The inexplicit premises of preponderantly white staff arguably facilitate the naturalization of racialist norms even more expeditiously than their open dictums. Images of white civilians disrupted by barbate Muslims every clip there is a terrorist menace are far more effectual at conveying a message about the difference between them’ and us’ than a intelligence article saying that bearded Muslims are unsafe terrorists, and we civilised inexperienced persons. This diffe rentiation underpins the different tactics discussed above: open racism is found in the expressed ridicule of resistance leaders and the enemy’ , illative racism is found in the less obvious inclination to discourse dealingss between different races as between us’ and them’ . Again the dialectic between public sentiment and media sentiment comes into drama here. As Hacker ( 1997, p.74 ) points out, all the major intelligence administrations have preponderantly white audiences, a bottom line’ which black employees are expected to understand and appreciate’ . News must be pitched to white readers, in ways Whites can square with their prepossessions and perceptions’ ( Hacker, 1997, p.72 ) . Furthermore, slightly ironically, the outstanding success of the run against open racism – the tabu against racism of any kind – has had the unfortunate consequence of driving racism, so to talk, undercover. It’s easier to cover racial narratives in the conventional superficial mode and maintain a palpebra on feelings. In newsrooms, race is normally discussed warily. Black newsmans, for illustration, are frequently loath to talk up for fright of being tagged complainers. Meanwhile, white newsmans bite their linguas for fright of b eing labeled racialists, the most scalding name in the intelligence concern today’ ( Gissler, 1997, p.110-111 ) . So while there have been major successes in the run against racism in British media, there remain some hard jobs. British media reflects British public sentiment, and British public sentiment is traditionally instead insular and petty. Racism in the British media will non be eradicated until the British public become better educated and informed about its topographic point in the universe and the profound similarities between individuals of all races. But the rhythm will non be barbarous if the media is prepared to accept a small more duty for both open and illative racial messages. Bibliography Ainlee, B. 1998.Black Journalists, White Media. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham. Allan, S. 2004.News Culture.Maidenhead, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Education. Cameron, J. 1997.Journalism: a trade, in Bromley, M. A ; O’Malley, T. ( explosive detection systems )A Journalism Reader. London: Routledge. Cohen, P. A ; Gardner, C. ( explosive detection systems ) . 1982.It Ain’t Half Racist, Mum. London: Comedia Publishing Group. Dates, J.L. A ; Pease, E.C. 1997.Falsifying the World – Media’s Mangled Images of Race. In Dennis, E.E. A ; Pease, E.C.The Media in Black and White. New Brunswick: Transaction. Entman, R.M. 1992.African Americans harmonizing to Television intelligence. In Dennis, E.E. A ; Pease, E.C. ( explosive detection systems )The Media in Black and White. New Brunswick: Transaction. Gandy, Jr, O.H. 1997.From Bad to Worse: The Media’s Framing of Race and Risk. In Dennis, E.E. A ; Pease, E.C. ( explosive detection systems )The Media in Black and White. New Brunswick: Transaction. Gissler, S. 1997.Newspapers’ quest for racial fairness. In Dennis, E.E. A ; Pease, E.C. ( explosive detection systems )The Media in Black and White. New Brunswick: Transaction. Gray, H. 1995.Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for Blackness’ .Minneapolis A ; London: University of Minnesota Press. Hacker, A. 1997Are the media truly white?In Dennis, E.E. A ; Pease, E.C. ( explosive detection systems )The Media in Black and White. New Brunswick: Transaction. Miles, R A ; Brown, M. 2003.Racism, 2neodymiumerectile dysfunction. London: Routledge. Singh, I. 1998.Minorities and the Media. Contemporary Issues in British Journalism. The 1998 Vauxhall Lectures, Cardiff: Centre for Journalism Studies, Cardiff University. de Uriarte, M.L. 1997.Exploring ( and detonating ) the U.S. media prism. In Dennis, E.E. A ; Pease, E.C. ( explosive detection systems )The Media in Black and White. New Brunswick: Transaction. 1

Pros and cons to being friends with your boss

Pros and cons to being friends with your boss In a perfect world, since you spend such a large chunk of your life at work, you’d be friends with all of your colleagues. But when it comes to your manager, lines can be difficult to define. No matter how well you get along and how chill your office is, becoming besties with your boss isn’t always in the cards. That’s not necessarily a bad thing though- there are pros and cons to turning that professional relationship into a friendly, personal one. Pro:  Congratulations! You just made a new friend!Well, this one’s pretty obvious. It’s the pro of making friends with, well, anyone. Making friends is great! It’s always nice to have someone new to chat with and lean on for support in times of stress. If you and a coworker click well and have a great rapport and lots in common, who cares if that someone happens to be your boss?Con:  Constructive criticism becomes complicatedOne downside to having a buddy as a boss is that he or she might be l ess inclined to give you negative feedback when you’re not working up to your full potential. And sometimes you really need that criticism. Offering constructive criticism is often a key aspect of a boss’s job, but if she or he feels uncomfortable giving any for fear that it might damage a friendship, you’ll keep making the same mistakes over and over again and fail to grow professionally.Pro: Knowing your boss as a friend means knowing what your boss needsBefriending your boss is not just beneficial on a personal level. Believe it or not, it can actually make you better at your job. If you know your boss as a friend, you have a better understanding of your boss’s personality and needs. Knowing a boss inside and out makes any employee a better one.Con: Worlds colliding can be toughLeaving work behind when you walk out the office door is healthy. That will be a lot harder to do when you’re meeting up with your boss during your free time. Conversatio ns may veer back toward work issues. Over cocktails, your boss might even start picking your brain about other employees who aren’t pulling their weight, and that’s when issues of betrayal can arise and things can get really sticky from 9 to 5. Also, your boss may also learn things about your personal life that could come back and bite you at work.Pro: You’re less likely to get in troubleBeing friends with the boss isn’t just a pro in times of plenty. It can also be a real benefit when things go awry. If you mess up at work- and who doesn’t from time to time- you might be less likely to get chewed out if the chewer has plans to go to the movies with you this weekend.Con: Here come the accusations of favoritismYour relationship with your boss can get a bit weird if the two of you become friends, but just think of what it will do with your relationship with the other employees! First of all, they’ll probably get a little wary whenever you get a promotion or a raise, wondering if you got that benefit on merit or because the boss likes hanging out with you. Your co-workers might start making accusations of favoritism, which often leads to†¦Con: You May alienate your peers†¦being on the outs with your office peers. Becoming really tight with the one in charge can do a lot of damage to your relationship with your co-workers. If they think you’re getting preferential treatment, they won’t just accuse you of receiving favoritism- they won’t want anything to do with you, or in worst case scenarios, they may actively work against you.The bottom line? Tread carefully when it comes to bonding with your boss on a personal level. There may be some superficial pros that come with it, but the cons can be pretty serious.

Why is financial reporting important to small business Essay

Why is financial reporting important to small business - Essay Example The financial reporting involves making a summary of financial information in accordance with accounting standards for the users of such information. Financial reporting involves preparing various financial statements for easier understanding by respective users of such information (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Inc. 2013). The three financial statements have different uses to the business and its stakeholders. However small a business entity may be they all require the financial statements namely statement of cash flows, income statement and statement of financial position of the company (Tracy, T &Â  Tracy, J., 2011). These documents are essential to a small business various ways. Statement of cash flows is an essential financial report to a small business because it shows cash inflows and outflows of the business (Revees, 2011). It provides summary information on the balance sheet and income statement so that the users of such information can obtain information about business activities and profitability of the business activities. It gives an overview of how well the business out is carrying out its activities. It shows the solvency of the business. According to Lynch (2000), statement of financial position or balance sheet is a financial statement that demonstrates the financial position of the business at a given time, usually at the end or the trading period. It can be shown in the form of the equation as follows. Assets = Liabilities + owner’s equity. This statement provides the users of such statement with a snapshot of the business resources or assets. Liabilities represent what business owner external financiers while owner’s equity represents what business owes shareholders or individual investor in case of a sole proprietorship. The equation must balance at all times. Therefore, statement of financial statement is essential for the small business because it shows the total worth of the business

Corporate Financial Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Corporate Financial Strategy - Essay Example The decision to make an investment is based on this benchmark. Mostly the companies employ various sources of finance such as equity, preference, debentures, term loans etc. The calculation of WACC is done using the weights of the different components of capital base. There are varying returns for all the sources. As the equity holders bear the maximum risk, the returns required by them is higher than the other investors. This is mainly because in case of extreme situation like insolvency, the equity shareholders have the last claim on the assets of the company. In such situations preference is given to the lenders of the company. Moreover, the declaration of dividends is not mandatory for the companies. A dividend is declared only if the company has surplus earnings whereas the payment of interest cost is mandatory. The company has to honour its debts irrespective of its profitability. This is the reason that the lenders get a lower return as compared to equity holders. But, if the company is highly leveraged, even the lenders become cautious and demand for higher returns. This is the reason that all the companies try to optimize their capital base for minimizing the cost of capital. The cost of capital is the minimum return that a company must earn from the business activities to payoff its investors who provide the necessary capital in the form of shares, debentures and loans. Two sets of information are needed for calculating the cost of capital- weights of the various sources of finance and their respective costs. Many studies have been conducted on the cost of capital which is dependent on the composition of the capital base of the company. The capital structure of a business measures the ability of a company towards meeting the needs of its stakeholders. Modigliani and Miller (1994) highlighted how the value of the firm is not affected by its capital structure as the tax advantage of debt